What type of anchor is typically used in hardpan or crumbly damp soil?

The cone anchor is particularly effective in hardpan or crumbly damp soil due to its unique design that allows for superior holding power in challenging ground conditions. Its conical shape enables it to penetrate the soil more easily and provide a secure grip, which is essential when the soil is dense or unstable.

In hardpan or crumbly soils, anchors need to be able to create friction and resist pulling forces, which is what a cone anchor does well. The conical design allows for a larger surface area to engage with the surrounding soil, which enhances stability.

Other types of anchors, such as expansion anchors or screw anchors, may not perform as effectively in such conditions because they are designed to work best in firmer, more solid substrate or may require a more favorable soil type to achieve their rated holding capacity. Plate anchors, while useful, can also be less effective where soil crumbles or fails to provide the necessary resistance. The specific nature of the cone anchor makes it well-suited for the conditions described in the question.